摩 訶 般 若 mahā prajñā
WHAT CAUSES BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS？
Do not try to dominate your bird by forcing it to do anything．Good behavior modification works by cooperating with your bird，not using forceful methods based on dominating it．The most common behavioral problems in parrots are nervousness，feather plucking，biting, excessive noise and destructive chewing behaviors．The causes of behavioral problems are many and varied，but the nature and quality of care that parrots receive as companion animals is at the heart of this issue．All animals have a behavioral repertoire，and they are hardwired to perform many behaviors on a daily basis if they are to be kept well both physically and mentally．
Animals such as dogs and horses have a behavioral need to run around and to socialize with other dogs or horses or people who understand them．Cats need some means of replicating their hunting behaviors；hamsters need to be able to make burrows in which to live．The range of behaviors is limitless and there are great variations between the many types of animals kept as pets．So long as most of these behaviors，or even just good substitutes for them，can be carried out，then the bird will
have few problems．However, when a bird’s attempts at carrying out its normal behaviors are frustrated, there is a serious risk of behavioral problems arising．
Unlike domesticated pets，parrots，even captive-bred ones, remain essentially wild creatures with all their wild-type behaviors intact．The problem for parrots stems from the huge differences between the life they have evolved to live in their natural habitats and the life they are asked to live in our homes．The contrasts between
these two living conditions are stark．
導致行為問題的原因是什麼？
不要試圖主宰你的鳥被強迫的讓它去做任何的事情。良好的行為修正工作是與你的鳥共同進行的，不要使用基於控制它之類的強烈方法。最常見的行為問題是鸚鵡的緊張，例如：羽毛的修剪，咬，過度的噪音和破壞性的咀嚼行為。行為問題的原因是多種多樣的，但本質和護理質量上的鸚鵡一樣受到同伴動物在這個核心上的問題。所有的動物都有一個行為指令，它們的特性是執行每天基本生活的不同行為，同時，它們都要保持良好的身體和心理上的健康。
如狗和馬的動物行為需要通過在附近走動和社交讓其它的狗或馬或人來理解懂它們。貓也需要一些方法模仿它們狩獵的行為，而倉鼠需要會打洞挖洞供自己居住。這個範圍的行為是無限的，某處大量的變化在許多的動物種類之間作為寵物被飼養的。只要大多數的這些行為，乃至更好的代替它們，都可以進行，那麼鳥將只有少數的問題了。然而，當一隻鳥兒正試圖實行這些正常的行為而感到沮喪時，那裡將有一個嚴重的風險行為問題發生。它不像馴養過的寵物，如鸚鵡、甚至雙親均為人工養殖的,從本質上說野生生物和它們所有的野生行為將完好無損。這個問題的巨大差異來源於鸚鵡，他們之間的生活居住情況已進化到它們的自然棲息地和它們要求在自己的家園居住的生活，這兩者之間對比的生活條件是顯而易見的。
COMPANIONSHIP IS VlTAL
Most wild parrots live in large， highly social groups，flying hundreds of miles every week in their forest habitat．They will spend many hours each day finding foods from a range of sources．As highly intelligent creatures．they have a well-developed sense of play and spend much time playing with their flock mates. As preyed-upon creatures, vulnerable to attacks from many predators，they are highly nervous and suspicious in their behaviors．Indeed，their main protective measure is to live as a flock so that each bird can alert the others to any danger present．The very nature of the birds’ social system-the highly integrated flock with its well-developed language of behavioral signals--gives the birds the security they need.
Contrast these conditions with those for the same bird transported to your living room．Here, typically，a parrot will live alone；there is no flock of birds．It will never fly any distance and may be confined to a cage for long periods．Food may be provided ad lib，with no requirement for it to search out different foods．The bird has time on its hands yet，often，absolutely nothing to do with all this time．A bird whose living conditions are so environmentally simplified is at great risk of being bored and frustrated. With birds as intelligent as parrots, it is vital to give them living conditions in which they can replicate as many of their natural, wild behaviors as possible.
陪伴的重要性
大多數野生鸚鵡生活在一個巨大的、高度的社會團體,每星期在它們的森林棲息地飛行數百英里。它們每天會花許多時間尋找來自各種發源地的食物。它們有良好的發育感官，會花很多的時間和它們的群配玩耍。作為弱勢生物，他們很容易受到許多食肉動物的攻擊，在它們的行為里他們是高度緊張和多疑的。事實上，他們的主要防護措施是生活在一起的作為一個群體以便每個鳥可以警覺提醒其他任何危險的出現。這些真正自然界的鳥類在社會系統高度集成的群體以及與它們良好的發育語言行為信號 - 給予這些鳥類它們需要的安全。
這些條件的對比與那些同樣的鳥在你的房間居住的鳥。在這里，是作為代表性的，一隻鸚鵡單獨生活，這里沒有鳥類群體，它將永遠都不會飛到任何遠方，並可能被局限在一個籠子里很長一段時間。食物可提供沒有限制的，不需要為它去尋找在外不同的食物。那隻鳥在其手的時候，經常，完全沒有做這一切的時間。一隻鳥的生活條件在環境方面簡化感到厭倦和沮喪時的大量風險。伴隨著鳥類越來越聰明的鸚鵡，這至關重要的是給他們那種生活條件，使他們能夠模仿很多關於它們的自然行為，模仿盡可能多的野生鳥類的行為。
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